Guest Blogger: Carlina Green, “Not Included in the Photograph”: Staff Underrepresentation in the Archives and How We Must Combat It (Part Two)

This is the second part of a two-part post by Carlina Green ‘20.

You see, the Archives cannot preserve sources that are never created. And when sources are not preserved in the Archives, their subjects can be underrepresented in narratives that draw on those sources or left out of such narratives entirely.

The staff of the Archives are committed to combating these historical silences, and they work to uncover and preserve the stories of populations underrepresented in the collections they administer.[1] This includes the stories of Davidson employees. Two examples of their exemplary work profiling 19th– and 20th-century staff include Niara Webb’s blog post on “Dean of Janitors” Mr. Enoch Donaldson and Hannah Foltz’s post on Davidson’s security officer “Cop” Ed Linker. Drawing on both archival materials and public records, Webb and Foltz try to piece together portraits of these historical actors about whom little has been preserved.

A photo of Enoch Donaldson standing in front of a building.
Photograph of Mr. Enoch Donaldson.

However, as Cottle mentioned, the content of posts dedicated to these past staff is limited to their work experiences, as that is the main focus of preserved, available sources. Furthermore, the Archives face a paucity of sources about the lives of current Davidson employees.[2]

One solution? Creating more of these sources by collaborating with staff who want to share their stories.[3] Students, consider interviewing interested college staff for your theses, capstone projects, or summer research. Faculty, please integrate staff history projects into your courses and into your own research. And compensate staff for their interview time; take advantage of research grants available for faculty, for students, and for faculty-student collaborations.

A portion of the College’s Statement of Purpose reads, “Davidson holds a priceless heritage bequeathed by those who have dedicated their lives and their possessions for its welfare.”[4] Part of honoring staff, who dedicate so much to this campus and its students, is valuing their life stories and memories. [5] They who offer so much to the College must be preserved in its history. So, let’s fight the silences; let’s create the sources that preserve their words and their legacies.


[1] One place this commitment is visible is in their documentary Always Part of the Fabric.

[2] Two examples of sources about current staff they receive consistently are speeches delivered on Employee Appreciation Day and winner lists for annual grants and awards like the Spirit of Davidson.

[3] For those concerned about protecting staff identities, remember that interviews donated to the archives can remain closed for a period of time (such as 50 years), or they can be anonymous.

[4] Some were forced to dedicate their lives to Davidson’s welfare, such as Susan, a young girl enslaved by former College President Rev. Drury Lacy.

[5] Today, many may choose to work at Davidson, but have little choice but to work long hours at salaries a few dollars above minimum wage to support their families.

Guest Blogger: Jennifer Griffin on “The Crescendo of Women Music Teachers in Antebellum America”

In Fall 2019, Archives, Special Collections, & Community (ASCC) had the privilege of working with Dr. Rose Stremlau’s “HIS 306: Women and Gender in U.S. History to 1870” course. Over the course of a semester, students researched the history of women and gender in the greater Davidson, North Carolina area using materials in the Davidson College Archives and other local organizations. The following series of blog posts highlights aspects of their research process.

Jennifer Griffin is a junior Education Studies major from Polk County, North Carolina.  

Picture this, it’s the antebellum South in the late 1800’s in the small town of Davidson, North Carolina. The well to do white adults and parents of the town are buzzing with excitement as they get ready to attend the recital of the town’s music students that have been taught by Miss Eulalia V. Cornelius. Young men and women along with a sprinkling of married women are performing, the recital featuring an array of exciting duets and beautiful piano solos.  

The year is 1898 and as the country is on the verge of celebrating the turn of the century, certain shifts have taken place nationwide that contributed to the production of this recital performed on March 21st. One of these shifts to note is the growing presence of women in the field of teaching. This shift can be attributed to the increasing focus on the instruction of morality, a concept bestowed upon women as they were then seen as the “more moral” sex (Laud). Along with this, Miss Eulalia Cornelius is probably also permitted by the community as a music teacher since music instruction was viewed as more suitable a profession than the instruction of other subjects such as math or physical education. 

Scanned program for a music recital led by Eulalia Cornelius in 1898. Recital features solo singer, solo piano performances, and duets.
Program for a music recital led by Eulalia Cornelius in 1898.

Despite limitations, the encouragement women received as music teachers paralleled their increasing opportunities in the overall American society (Hinely). It is important to note that this specifically references middle- and upper-class white women. Enslaved people’s work allowed for white slave owning women to spend more time away from the home and in the job field.  

Looking over the recital, I observed the fact that Miss Cornelius’ pupils were a combination of young men, young women, and married women. The co-education of young men alongside both single and married women is a progressive notion for southern culture of the 1800s, something I was quite excited to see.  I also enjoyed recognizing Miss Cornelius’ name alongside those of the performers, noting that she was skilled enough to feel confident in performing to the community a number of times, including both a solo and being involved in the final performance of the recital.  

In short, Miss Eulalia V. Cornelius’ occupation as a music teacher marks a specific example of the shift towards white women’s increasing opportunities and influence within American society as the 20th century approached.  

Bibliography: 

DC0324s, Music Program of Eulalia Cornelius in 1898, Davidson College Archives . 

Hinely, Mary Brown. “The Uphill Climb of Women in American Music: Performers and Teachers.” Music Educators Journal 70, no. 8 (1984): 31-35. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3400871

Laud, Leslie E. “MORAL EDUCATION IN AMERICA: 1600s-1800s.” The Journal of Education 179, no. 2 (1997): 1-10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42741719.

Guest Blogger: Francis Resweber on “Understanding the History of Davidson through the Helper Family”

In Fall 2019, Archives, Special Collections, & Community (ASCC) had the privilege of working with Dr. Rose Stremlau’s “HIS 306: Women and Gender in U.S. History to 1870” course. Over the course of a semester, students researched the history of women and gender in the greater Davidson, North Carolina area using materials in the Davidson College Archives and other local organizations. The following series of blog posts highlights aspects of their research process.

I am a senior Biology major and Hispanic Studies minor from Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. While enrolled in HIS 306, Women and Gender in U.S. History to 1870, I was interested in investigating the role of women in the town of Davidson as well as the college. 

Women’s history has been left out of the majority of historical narratives for all of time, and the history of the town of Davidson is no exception. However, by reading between the lines of available historical resources with the lens of a women’s historian, these gaps can start to be filled in. The records in the Davidson College Archives can be a tool for filling in those gaps, and proved to be useful when researching Hanson Pinkney Helper and his family.  

The Helper family owned both the general store and the hotel in Davidson beginning in the mid-1800s. Their family was one of great influence at the time, but most of the documents in the Helper files only mention H.P. Helper and his multitude of roles in the town. Helper’s obituary is one of the only documents that explicitly mentions the women in his family: his two wives and three daughters.1 Being part of a prominent family in the town, it is unlikely these women had no roles in the town as many records would suggest. Closer examination of H.P. Helper’s obituary shows that of his surviving children, his daughters are the only ones who remained in the town of Davidson.2 It is probable these daughters contributed to running the multitude of Helper businesses in the town. 

Snippet from the October 2, 1902 Charlotte News featuring H.P. Helper's obituary. The relevant content is referenced in the paragraph, below.
Portion of H.P. Helper’s obituary featured in the October 2, 1902 edition of the Charlotte News.

H.P. Helper’s obituary mentions his daughters, Mrs. W.D. Vincent, the wife of a Davidson College professor, and Mrs. M.J. Wilson and Miss Essie Helper who all lived in Mecklenburg County. His sons seem to have moved away to Texas and Kentucky, with only one remaining nearby in Charlotte. At this time, stores and hotels were mostly run with multiple family members helping out to make the businesses run smoothly. The Helper businesses were likely no exception, and the obituary says only the daughters remained in the town. Thus, the obituary provides interesting information in that while the sons have moved away from Davidson, the daughters were still around to help their father with his prominent business operations in the town. 

Although credit for women’s crucial roles in running businesses would never be explicitly given in this time period, a woman was most likely the hotelkeeper of the Helper Hotel.3 It was commonly understood in this time period that men owned the hotels, but the work inside of them was mostly domestic and therefore work for women.4 The Helper family was likely no exception with H.P. Helper owning the hotel and his wives and daughters performing the majority of the labor to keep the hotel running. History often excludes these women from the record, but reading between the lines of the archives makes these women’s roles difficult to deny. 

Bibliography:

Obituary for H.P. Helper. Charlotte News, October 2, 1902. 

Gamber, Wendy. “Tarnished Labor: The Home, the Market, and the Boardinghouse in Antebellum America.” Journal of the Early Republic 22, no. 2 (2002): 177. https://doi.org/10.2307/3125179

Guest Blogger: Addie Turner

In Fall 2019, Archives, Special Collections, & Community (ASCC) had the privilege of working with Dr. Rose Stremlau’s “HIS 306: Women and Gender in U.S. History to 1870” course. Over the course of a semester, students researched the history of women and gender in the greater Davidson, North Carolina area using materials in the Davidson College Archives and other local organizations. The following series of blog posts highlights aspects of their research process.

Addie Turner is a senior History major and Communication Studies minor at Davidson College. She is very interested in women’s history and is currently writing her capstone paper on Planned Parenthood during World War II. 

To many, diaries are books filled with an individual’s mundane recordings of his or her life. While they may be mundane, the mundane can lead historians to discover patterns, trends, and a deeper understanding on the social history of a group and the everyday lives of individuals. Ellie’s Book, a now published journal written by Ellie M. Andrews from January 1862 to May 1865, is filled with entries about what most would view as mundane. However, through her notes, we can piece together what life was like for a white middle class woman living in North Carolina during the Civil War. Specifically, I can understand more about food and food preparation during this time period through Ellie’s records. 

Ellie’s journal mentions food and food preparation in several entries. On several occasions, she mentions food she produces herself, or with the help of her slave, Susan: “On my return Susan informed me I had another young brood of chickens.”1 She goes on to explain how proud she is to produce her own poultry, especially since the prices of chicken and eggs were rising rapidly. On another occasion she mentions food she has at special dinners, like turkey, ham, cakes, jellies, and more. Her choice of mentioning certain meals and the lists of food that she included in the entries signals the importance of celebratory occasions. Large meals with a wide variety of food was a way to celebrate holidays, visits from friends and family, and other special moments in her life. 

Page from Ellie's diary featuring a quote from January 2, 1864 stating, "today I have hired a cook for the enormous sum of 120 dollars and clothe her. Negroes never were known to hire so high."
Excerpt from page 108 of Ellie’s Book: Being the Journal Kept by Ellie M. Andres.

Another instance in which she mentions food and cooking is in an entry where she is looking to find a cook. She complains about having to hire a black cook for an “enormous sum of $120.00 and clothe her.”2 It is not clear why she hired a cook or how long she kept her on for. In this entry, readers can understand that Ellie did not want to pay her black cook much money, and that she did not believe that the woman deserved as much money as she required. It is also unclear whether this woman was enslaved or free, so it is hard to determine whether the paycheck went directly to the cook or her owner. This entry suggests that black women were often the ones doing the cooking in white women’s homes, and that white women did not want to pay them much or at all for their work. 

Ellie’s journal, while filled with entries recapping her day to day life, informs my research about food preparation in the antebellum and Civil War south. As food preparation was a daily activity for many women, looking to sources like diaries can provide insightful information into what cuisine and cooking looked like at this time. 

1 Ellie’s Book: Being the Journal Kepy by Ellie M. Andres from January 1862 through May 1865, Transcribed and Annotated by Ann Campbell MacBryde. Entry from 10 unknown month, 1863. 

2 Ellie’s Book: Being the Journal Kepy by Ellie M. Andres from January 1862 through May 1865, Transcribed and Annotated by Ann Campbell MacBryde. Entry from 2 January, 1864.